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A Cash Chokehold on North Korea Gets Tighter

HONG KONG â€" The noose is tightening on North Korea. And for the leaders in Pyongyang, two developments in recent days suggest that the country’s ravenous thirst for foreign currency, which fuels its military ambitions, may be much harder to satisfy.

As my colleague Keith Bradsher reported Tuesday, the state-controlled Bank of China is shutting down transfers to North Korea’s Foreign Trade Bank, a vital source of funds for the government, an action that could further financially hobble a regime that is already dealing with a tightening web of international sanctions. Particularly noteworthy was that the bank did not take such an action quietly, instead issuing a statement that drew widespread notice as a possible sign of Beijing’s toughening stance against North Korea, its longtime ally.

The action comes a week after the doors closed, perhaps for good, on the Kaesong Industrial Complex, a joint operation in which South Korean businesses employed North Korean workers on North Korean soil, pumping yet more precious hard currency into the North’s economy.

With an outdated industrial infrastructure and a poorly functioning agricultural sector that cannot feed its own people, North Korea’s need of foreign currency cannot be understated, and in recent decades the failures of its economy have forced it to rely on the benevolence of other nations to survive.

Blaine Harden, a former Washington Post reporter, wrote in his recent book “Escape from Camp 14″ about Pyongyang’s perennial reliance on outside help, noting that a country that owes its very existence to military support from China now relies on it for financial survival.

“North Korea would have lost the Korean War and disappeared as a state without the Chinese,” Mr. Harden noted about Chinese intervention in the Korean War as Pyongyang stood on the brink of defeat in 1950. He added that after the collapse of its financial benefactor the Soviet Union in the 1990s and the subsequent end in 2008 of the “sunshine policy” that channeled aid from South Korea, “Pyongyang has become increasingly dependent on China for confessional trade, food aid, and fuel.”

Under North Korea’s “military first” strategy, the nation’s financial resources are channeled primarily to its military, allowing it to make advances in nuclear and ballistic missile ambitions at the expense of the welfare of its people. With the foreign currency spigot running drier, the regime may be forced into a corner.

Recent weeks have in fact seen a relative lessening of the North’s outbursts of bellicosity. And a widely anticipated missile launch expected around the time of the birthday of the nation’s founder, Kim Il-sung, did not come to pass last month. On Tuesday came word that North Korea appeared to have moved its missiles away from its launch site on the country’s east coast while reducing its military alert level.

These developments all raise the question of whether the North is paying closer attention to the concerns of a more exasperated Beijing, although the history of North Korean behavior does not offer much hope for moderation.



IHT Quick Read: May 4

NEWS Even as the United States economy displays unanticipated resilience, with a healthy jobs report released on Friday, the outlook for Europe's economy grows ever dimmer. As it does, the pressure builds on Europe's most powerful leader, Chancellor Angela Merkel of Germany, and her economic team to find a way to get the Continent growing again. But this puts Ms. Merkel in a bind, as she has to answer to German voters in September when the country holds parliamentary elections. While the European economy may be deteriorating at an alarming rate, the electorate here is still enamored of her as the Iron Chancellor, advocating the austerity policies that are rapidly falling into disfavor elsewhere, among economists as well as the public. Nicholas Kulish reports from Berlin.

For Iraqis frustrated with poor services, sectarian politics and violence, the governor of Maysan Province, Ali Dwai, provides a rare example of democracy's potential. Mr. Dwai's popularity, though, reflects something more than excitement for a hard-working politician. As the only provincial governor of Mr. Sadr's political party, he represents the maturation of a grass-roots political movement that has sought to mimic Lebanon's Hezbollah by fusing Shiite faith, military strength and a concern for the common citizen to build political power. Tim Arango reports from Amara, Iraq.

Government investigators have found that JPMorgan Chase devised “manipulative schemes” that transformed “money-losing power plants into powerful profit centers,” and that one of its most senior executives gave “false and misleading statements” under oath. The findings appear in a confidential government document, reviewed by The New York Times, that was sent to the bank in March, warning of a potential crackdown by the regulator of the nation's energy markets. Jessica Silver-Greenberg and Ben Protess report from New York.

Ten months after being pushed out as chief executive of Barclays, Robert Diamond is trying to be something other than the “unacceptable face of banking.” Despite all the headlines about his role running a bank at the heart of the Libor scandal, Mr. Diamond's role in the matter was minimal, and perhaps wildly overblown. Unlike other chief executives who have lost their jobs since the financial crisis, Mr. Diamond was not ousted by his company's board. He was pushed out by the British government - specifically by Mervyn King, the governor of the Bank of England. Andrew Ross Sorkin reports from New York.

A deteriorating economy in the European Union is expected to drive unemployment to new highs this year in countries including Spain and Portugal that already are feeling acute pain, the Union's top economics official warned on Friday. The new forecasts stood in stark contrast with figures from the United States on Friday that showed that more new jobs were created in April than expected, which pushed the unemployment rate to a four-year low. While American job creation is still slower than in a typical recovery, the new data could ease concerns of a sharp slowdown in the U.S. economy. James Kanter reports from Brussels.

ARTS Garry Winogrand, a photographer, refreshed classic street photography in the 1960s and '70s, influenced by (and influencing) the increasingly warped sensibility that had started to shape the broader culture. Using a snapshot style, he captured the nation's unseemly nervous breakdown in stark black and white. Since his death in 1984 at 56, though, Mr. Winogrand's reputation has waned. But one of the goals of an ambitious exhibition at the San Francisco Museum of Modern Art is to restore and clarify Winogrand's place in 20th-century photography, to offer viewers the chance to re-evaluate Winogrand's unruly and grand oeuvre. “Garry Winogrand,” which runs in San Francisco through June 2, is the largest Winogrand retrospective ever mounted and the first major United States museum show of his work since 1988. It is scheduled to travel next year to the National Gallery of Art in Washington (which helped organize it), the Metropolitan Museum of Art and th e Jeu de Paume in Paris. Ted Loos reports.

SPORTS With its systemic corruption, fractious leadership, and entrenched code of silence and some of its members recently embroiled in a high-profile drug trial, professional cycling these days often seems to resemble organized crime more than sport. Fitting, then, that the cycling world will gather in Naples on Saturday - not for Camorra-like clandestine meetings, but to start the Giro d'Italia, the three-week Grand Tour that signals the start of the sport's high season. Recent editions of the Giro have been short on star power, but organizers have managed to up the wattage considerably this year by attracting Bradley Wiggins, the defending Tour de France champion, to headline the 21-stage race that will span 3,405 kilometers, or 2,116 miles. John Brand reports.

This post has been revised to reflect the following correction:

Correction: May 4, 2013

The headline with an earlier version of this post misidentified the month as April.



Welcome to Erbil, Tourism Boom Town

ERBIL, Iraq - Erbil is preparing to greet visitors as the Arab Capital of Tourism in 2014, a singular honor for a non-Arab city. It won out over Beirut, Sharjah and the Saudi resort of Taif.

Erbil, the capital of Iraqi Kurdistan, already plays host to tourists from the Arab world, not least Iraqi Arabs, who come north to escape the heat, and the violence, elsewhere in the country.

Erbil has boomed in the decade since the 2003 U.S. invasion of Iraq ended the regime of President Saddam Hussein. Resorts and upscale housing developments have sprawled out across the once-empty plain between the city and mountains to the north. Erbil now boasts half a dozen world-class hotels, with prices to match, as well as luxury car showrooms, designer stores and Western-style fast food outlets.

To win the Tourism Capital designation from the Arab Council of Tourism, the authorities in the Kurdish autonomous zone promised to host a range of activities, from winter ice-skating to an international marathon and a beauty contest, to entertain an anticipated three million visitors in 2014.

With the help of international experts, the authorities are restoring the ancient walled citadel that dominates the center of the city and has revealed evidence of human occupation dating back 8,000 years.

Still, it might seem an odd place to plan a holiday.

Shiite and Sunni neighbors to the south are on the brink of what could be a new civil war, a resurgent Al Qaeda is operating in neighboring Kirkuk Province, and armed fighters of Turkey's Kurdistan Workers Party are preparing to move into the Iraqi Kurdistan mountains as part of a peace deal with Ankara.

On Kurdistan's northwestern border, refugees are spilling across to seek sanctuary from the conflict in Syria.

The autonomous region nevertheless enjoys a high degree of calm and security, thanks to its own peshmerga army that mans the frontiers of the territory, and which in recent weeks deployed southward to secure areas of Sunni-Shiite tension.

Erbil is now home to a growing expatriate community of investment consultants, oil executives and language trainers â€" for younger Kurds, English is now the second language of choice rather than Arabic.

The city itself, despite its rapid Dubai-ization, has limited appeal. Standing on a featureless and somewhat dusty plain, it has more in common with the hot flatlands to the south than with the snow-capped landscape more typically associated with Kurdistan.

Little over 16 kilometers, or 10 miles to the north, however, the road along which Kurds once retreated to escape the forces of Saddam Hussein winds steeply to an escarpment and then on to the mountains.

Heading toward the Zagros range that marks the border with Iran, it is a spring landscape of green hills, wild grasses and poppies, and traditional hill resorts such as the town of Shaqlawa that are rapidly expanding to meet a growing tourist boom.

Further along the road, built for the British between 1928-32 by Archibald Hamilton, a New Zealand engineer, leads through a dramatic gorge to the waterfall of Gali Ali Beg. An Austrian-built cable car is among the modern attractions.

The Kurds were once Iraq's most despised community. As non-Arabs prone to rebellion, they faced periodic onslaughts by the previous Baghdad regime, including the Anfal campaign that followed the end of the Iran-Iraq war.

Kurds were driven from their homes and tens of thousands were killed as villages were destroyed and chemical weapons were used against them.

Now the autonomous region is an island of stability in a sea of troubles, and its politicians are increasingly important players in the turmoil afflicting the surrounding region.

Erbil's designation as Arab Capital of Tourism will, the authorities hope, be a further opportunity to promote Kurdistan's culture and newfound influence to a wider world.

Editor's Note: Harvey Morris is the co-author of “No Friends but the Mountains: The Tragic History of the Kurds.”



Australia Strives to Balance China and the United States

BEIJING - The official Chinese news media responded in a low-key, if apparently approving, fashion to a shift by the Australian government toward a more conciliatory strategic approach to China, judging by reactions over the weekend.

And judging by at least some online reactions from ordinary Chinese, suspicions linger that Australia may largely be doing the United States' bidding in the region, despite the shift in Canberra.

The Australian government “no longer considers China a potential strategic threat, but considers China an important partner,” People's Daily wrote from Canberra in a matter-of-fact article, citing the content of Australia's new defense White Paper, which softens that country's policy on China laid out four years ago.

“The white paper points out that ‘the government will not make China out to be an adversary. The goal of this policy is to encourage China's peaceful rise and to prevent strategic competition in the region from slipping into conflict,'” the reporter Li Jingwei wrote in the newspaper, a Communist Party mouthpiece.

“In issues of development assistance in the Asia-Pacific region the white paper no longer criticizes China but recognizes China's influence in the region,” Mr. Li wrote.

The white paper, presented in Canberra on Friday by Prime Minister Julia Gillard and Defense Minister Stephen Smith, “stresses the importance of Australia's relations with both China and the U.S., but says the U.S. will remain Australia's most important ally,” the newspaper The Australian wrote in a story titled, “Defence white paper pivots over China threat.”

“We welcome China's rise,” The Australian quoted Ms. Gillard as saying. “We seek to have a comprehensive and constructive engagement with China.”

“We also recognize that China's rise and its subsequent military modernization is changing the strategic order of our region, and that the U.S.-China relationship is pivotal to our region of the world,” it quoted Ms. Gillard as saying. As China modernizes its military, Australia will “continue to call for transparency on that military modernization,” she said.

Australia's geographic position in the Asia-Pacific region makes relations with China a pressing strategic issue for the country. Australia is economically increasingly reliant on China but also a longtime U.S. ally, complicating its relations with the Asian giant.

The new white paper recalibrates Australia's response to China, James Brown of the Lowy Institute for International Policy wrote, comparing it with the previous paper, issued in 2009, which was tougher and annoyed China.

“The strategic assessment of the White Paper is much more sophisticated than that of the 2009 version. The rise of China is no longer a threat to wax histrionic about, but instead a nuanced issue on which there are many aspects and many possible outcomes,” Mr. Brown wrote on The Interpreter, the institute's blog.

In 2011, Australia drew China's ire by agreeing to station 2,500 U.S. marines in Darwin, a northern city, in a move widely seen as part of the U.S. “pivot” to focus more on a perceived, growing strategic threat from China.

China responded by accusing the United States of increasing military tensions in the region.

Some commentators have said that for Australia, balance is essential in negotiating the different geopolitical interests. As a headline in The Australian put it Saturday, “China relations require a delicate balancing act.”

The Australian cited Ross Terrill, an Australian and a China expert at Harvard: “He does not believe Australia is faced with a frightening choice between our great ally and our main trading partner,” the newspaper wrote. Instead, Australia could balance its interests.

“Radar still on Chinese, but it's all friendly fire” was another headline, in The Sydney Morning Herald.

The English-language newspaper China Daily wrote over the weekend: “Australia defense paper accepts rise of China's military.”

“The white paper's welcoming attitude toward China's peaceful rise demonstrates Australia's emphasis on its ties with China,” the story said, citing Hua Chunying, a Foreign Ministry spokeswoman.

Stories with a similar content to the People's Daily report ran in other official media, including military media, as well as on the Web site of the Chinese edition of the Scientific American.

That one linked to a comment site on Netease, a major portal. There, many comments, made apparently by ordinary Chinese, showed a range of responses.

“Reckon Australia has no plans to occupy China, and China also has no plans to rule Australia,” wrote a person identified as 221.11.*.*, from Xi'an city.

“The White Paper says one thing but in their hearts the real action is different,” wrote a Chengdu-based commenter identified as 112.193.*.*. Australia didn't want to provoke China, the person said. “But they have already prepared well and that shows that Australia has grown clever!”

Another comment, which gained the most approval votes, was outright critical: “We're nearly almost there in terms of tidying up American imperialism, we've more than enough to spare in terms of taking care of you, little Australia. Don't jump around, behave well, understand,” wrote a person with the online handle Huanshun bu xiangxin.



Seeking Visibility for China\'s Art

BEIJING - China's art market, though its growth slowed significantly last year, is an established part of the art world, ranking second in size behind the U.S. market in 2012 and ahead of Britain's, according to a recent report.

In fact, Chinese collectors - scouring the world for deals, or “panning for gold,” as The Art Newspaper's new Chinese edition put it - have become a common sight (or, often, voice at the end of the telephone) at auctions around the world, even in small towns in Europe.

“Whether in New York or Hong Kong, everywhere you can see Chinese buyers ‘hearing the wind and reacting,' ” The Art Newspaper wrote, using a Chinese saying that means moving fast.

But as private buyers build collections, the art publication posed pressing questions: In artistic terms, is China a creator of value in this process, or mostly a receiver of value? And how can Chinese art become more visible around the world, getting into more museums and private galleries?

The Art Newspaper is a leading voice in global art; here's what Thomas Shao, chief executive of Modern Media Group, the Chinese partner in the Chinese version of the publication that launched its first edition in March, had to say: “The Chinese are now curious about the world of art beyond their frontiers, so it is vitally important to launch a professional art newspaper that provides timely and accurate news about the global art scene.” (The comments are on the newspaper's Web site.)

The launch came as the spring auction season was about to begin here. China Guardian Auctions, a major player, starts previews in Beijing tomorrow and sales begin on Friday. Its Hong Kong auctions took place last weekend, netting nearly $38 million, it said.

Here's how The Art Newspaper formulated the question in its second Chinese edition, in April: “Can Chinese Art Make the World Look?”

Specifically, many artists and curators feel art from here is underrepresented in museum collections around the world, and in major galleries.

Part of that may be its newness. China is an important market, but it's a developing one, subject to considerable fluctuation, based on last year's figures.

In 2012, China's art market dropped hard, year on year, by 24 percent, to "10.6 billion (nearly $14 billion), according to figures compiled by Clare McAndrew in a report of The European Fine Art Fair based in Maastricht, the Netherlands.

The market in the U.S., by comparison, recovered by 5 percent, year on year, to over $19 billion.

“Slowing economic growth and continuing uncertainty in the global economy filtered down to the art market in 2012 with global sales contracting by 7 percent to "43.0 billion,” the report said. “A key factor in the decline was a slowdown in the Chinese market.”

Still, the Chinese market made up 25 percent of global sales, which totaled more than $56 billion, said Ms. McAndrew in the report.

Beyond such figures, how can China secure the intangible, cultural value and visibility that it craves?

The Art Newspaper's Chinese edition, in a cover story, cited an art academic, Zhao Li of the Central Academy of Fine Arts in Beijing, as saying that China lacks a domestic culture of passing art down from generation to generation, so when the realization dawns that something has value, collectors can only turn to the market and “go shopping.”

The article didn't delve into the reasons for that tendency but a host of political and sociological factors play a role here, including the deep artistic losses after the 1949 Chinese revolution as the Communist Party sought to largely eliminate traditional culture and control contemporary cultural development. China's art scene only began to bloom again in the 1980s after the end of the Cultural Revolution, and is still subject to censorship as well as creativity issues tied to the political and educational system.

“How do artists see the issue of Chinese art getting on to the horizon of world art?” the article asked. The solutions seem to lie in growing the infrastructure at home and focusing on quality, it suggested.

“In the beginning when art went overseas, Chinese artists had political and ideological labels stuck on them by curators but the individual's learning and technique was not heavily considered,” said Zeng Fanzhi, an artist, in the article.

“As the years passed, these artists sorted out their individual careers, but there was no corresponding industry here in China. What China most needs today is still museum-level, high quality, serious, good exhibitions, to sort out and explore the atmosphere surrounding artistic worth and learning,” he said.

The artist Wang Jianwei told the newspaper that art was a mirror of social capability. What is most lacking today is knowledge about art and respect for creativity, he said.

“The art market is developing and we have a market that's the richest in purchasing power, but we're still very far from creativity itself,” he said.



With Carbon Dioxide Approaching a New High, Scientists Sound the Alarm

THE HAGUE - If uncertainty runs rampant in the global-warming debate, it is in part because scientific data is often too complex to be well understood by anyone but climate scientists.

This month, however, the world is likely to reach a scientific milestone that appears impressively scary even to those with only a cursory knowledge of climate science.

For the first time in human history, atmospheric carbon dioxide levels will surpass 400 parts per million, according Scripps Institution of Oceanography, which has been measuring carbon dioxide in the atmosphere at the Mauna Loa volcano in Hawaii since 1958.

“The 400-ppm threshold is a sobering milestone, and should serve as a wake-up call for all of us to support clean energy technology and reduce emissions of greenhouse gases, before it's too late for our children and grandchildren,” said Tim Lueker of the Scripps Institution in a statement.

The level of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere is closely linked to global warming. The more carbon dioxide, the higher global average temperatures have climbed, according to climate science. (This graphic shows how global temperature and atmospheric carbon dioxide levels have been linked in the past 400,000 years)

When atmospheric carbon dioxide levels were first measured, they were in at 316 parts per million, according to a report in the scientific journal Nature. Pre-industrial revolution pollution levels were thought to be about 280 parts per million.

“Our addiction to fossil fuels has taken us over yet another scary indicator, to a place we've never been before in the human history,” said Kaisa Kosonen, a climate policy adviser with Greenpeace.

While the milestone is arbitrary (why is hitting 400 parts per million more alarming than a measurement of 399?), scientists say it's an important reminder of how the levels continue to rise.

Even if the landmark 400 is reached this month, it's unlikely stay there. As Ralph Keeling of the Scripps Institution points out, the levels of carbon dioxide and other greenhouse gases in our atmosphere fluctuates throughout the year, with springtime usually representing the highpoint of the cycle. Trees and other plants absorb carbon dioxide during the warmer months in the Northern Hemisphere, lowering the level.

“If CO2 levels don't top 400 p.p.m. in May 2013, they almost certainly will next year,” the release quoted Dr. Keeling as saying, but in either case it will take several years before the atmospheric carbon dioxide levels remain above 400 parts per million year-round.

Carbon dioxide levels have become part of the broader discussion about global warming, in part because it's a tangible signpost of change.

A group called 350.org has taken as its name what some scientists consider a safe level of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere. The group created a very visible campaign to urge American colleges and universities divest their holdings of stock in fossil fuel companies.

On its Web site, 350.org compares the planet's plight and the high level of atmospheric carbon dioxide with an overweight patient with dangerously high levels of cholesterol.

“He doesn't die immediately - but until he changes his lifestyle and gets back down to the safe zone, he's at more risk for heart attack or stroke,” the Web site says.

As Andrew C. Revkin wrote last week, the Scripps Institution started a Twitter feed to publicize carbon dioxide measurements.

According to one of Scripps' recent Twitter posts, atmospheric carbon dioxide is still at 399, but the milestone could be reached any day.

“There will be no balloons or noisemakers to celebrate the event. Researchers who monitor greenhouse gases will regard it more as a disturbing marker of humanity's power to alter the chemistry of the atmosphere and by extension, the climate of the planet,” wrote Richard Monastersky in Nature last week.

What do you think? Is reaching 400 parts per million an important milestone? Why or why not?



Missed a Play on Broadway? Catch It in London

LONDON - Don't look now, but the London theater is suddenly looking very American. A swift glance through the current and imminent lineup of openings indicates a neat baker's dozen of American titles alighting in the British capital for the late-spring/summer season.

These range from British productions of recent Broadway plays (David Mamet's “Race,” Richard Greenberg's “American Plan”) to new takes on the classic repertory (Eugene O'Neill's “Strange Interlude” at the National, Tennessee Williams's “Sweet Bird of Youth” at the Old Vic). And much else besides, and that's without counting the English National Opera's June premiere of “The Perfect American,” the Philip Glass opera about Walt Disney.

It's no surprise that interest in Mr. Mamet's work remains keen in London. I had just moved from New York to London in 1983 when the National's studio-sized Cottesloe space was mounting the world premiere of his play “Glengarry Glen Ross,” which went on to three Broadway runs and won a Pulitzer Prize. A later Mamet play, “The Cryptogram,” also had its world premiere in London (and a revival). “Race,” which opens May 29 at the Hampstead Theatre stars Clarke Peters (of the television series “The Wire”) and the London stage veteran Jasper Britton.

One could argue that Britain is especially favorably disposed to lesser-known works from canonical American writers, a function, perhaps, of the state-funded system in the United Kingdom that encourages risk-taking to a degree that is more difficult to come by stateside.

In 1994, the director Richard Eyre revived “Sweet Bird of Youth” at the National Theatre, in a production that won multiple prizes for its leading lady, Clare Higgins. Kim Cattrall (of “Sex and the City”) stars in the Old Vic's fresh staging of the same play, opening June 12. This “Sweet Bird” is directed by Marianne Elliott, who just won an Olivier Award for “The Curious Incident of the Dog in the Night-Time” and has been exhibiting as close as the London theater currently offers to a Midas touch.

The last major production of O'Neill's “Strange Interlude” before the National version that opens June 4 was way back in 1985. Spawned in Britain, it starred Glenda Jackson and Edward Petherbridge and traveled from the West End to Broadway. Will the director Simon Godwin's new staging, starring Anne-Marie Duff and Charles Edwards, achieve a similar transfer? Time will tell, but it's a testament to British curatorial interest in American theater that this city has twice in 30 years latched on to a difficult 1928 text from which playhouses in the U.S. generally steer well clear.

Some American titles evidently possess a currency abroad that surpasses their status at home. Barely a British theater season goes by that doesn't find a playhouse somewhere in the country mounting either “Of Mice and Men” or “To Kill A Mockingbird.”

And here, indeed, comes the latter title in a production from the director Timothy Sheader at the Open Air Theatre in Regent's Park, opening May 22 and starring the Tony winner Robert Sean Leonard (“The Invention of Love,” TV's “House”) as the southern lawyer Atticus Finch.

American musicals get a London look-in, as well, and I don't just mean of the “Wicked”/”Lion King”/”Book of Mormon” blockbuster variety. The Harold Pinter Theatre on the West End is currently hosting the first commercial production of Stephen Sondheim's onetime Broadway flop “Merrily We Roll Along” since its short-lived 1981 Broadway premiere. Directed by Maria Friedman, the show reopened May 1 to rave reviews after a sell-out Off West End run over the winter at the Menier Chocolate Factory. Not to be outdone, the Menier will offer up the British debut of the Broadway musical “The Color Purple”; the director is the Tony winner John Doyle (“Sweeney Todd”) and opening night is July 15.

To be fair, there are the occasional British entries that get a New York perch in advance of a London one. Currently running Off Broadway is Mike Bartlett's “Bull,” an hourlong play seen regionally in England but not in the capital - so far, anyway. And St Ann's Warehouse in Brooklyn has just completed an acclaimed run of the actor-writer Tristan Sturrock's “Mayday Mayday,” an English piece that has yet to be seen in London.

What's astonishing about this London spate of American work is how wide a net it casts. Those who missed two recent entries from Lincoln Center Theater in New York can find these same plays in Off West End productions. “Disgraced” won the author Ayad Akhtar the 2013 Pulitzer and arrives at west London's Bush Theatre for a monthlong run, opening May 22. That follows by a week the London opening at another west London venue, The Print Room, of Amy Herzog's “4000 Miles,” in a British production first seen as part of an American season within the studio confines of the Theatre Royal, Bath. That's the same producing entity behind the London run, opening July 8, of Mr. Greenberg's “American Plan,” with Diana Quick inheriting the role played in 2009 on Broadway by Mercedes Ruehl.

African-American theater is represented not just by “The Color Purple” but by revivals of James Baldwin's play “The Amen Corner,” directed by Rufus Norris and opening June 11 at the National, and August Wilson's “Fences.”

In “Fences,” the British comic Lenny Henry steps into the shoes formidably filled on Broadway first by James Earl Jones and, 23 years later, by Denzel Washington, both of whom got Tonys for their work. Opening night is June 26 at the Duchess Theatre.

More experimental American work is on offer, too. The Olivier winner Imelda Staunton (“Sweeney Todd”) joins Toby Jones for the July bow of Annie Baker's 2009 hit “Circle Mirror Transformation.” On June 7, the National Theatre's purpose-built Shed auditorium opens a three-week run of “Mission Drift,” a blues musical from a Brooklyn-based ensemble known as The TEAM. In other contexts and amid a different climate, I might worry about this troupe feeling homesick. This summer? Not likely.

A guide to this baker's dozen of American titles and their London opening nights:

“Merrily We Roll Along,” Harold Pinter Theatre, opened May 1
“4000 Miles,” The Print Room, May 15
“Disgraced,” Bush Theatre, May 22
“To Kill a Mockingbird,” Open Air Theatre Regent's Park, May 22
“Race,” Hampstead Theatre, May 29
“Strange Interlude,” National Theatre/Lyttelton, June 4
“Mission Drift,” National Theatre/The Shed, June 7
“The Amen Corner,” Nati onal Theatre/Olivier, June 11
“Sweet Bird of Youth,” Old Vic Theatre, June 12
“Fences,” Duchess Theatre, June 26
“The American Plan,” St. James Theatre, July 8
“Circle Mirror Transformation,” Rose Lipman Building, Haggerston, July 11
“The Color Purple,” Menier Chocolate Factory, July 15



Of Course, Of Course

A colleague points out that “of course” risks becoming a tic in our stories. Sometimes the phrase is warranted for emphasis or, far less often, as a sly comment. But often it serves little purpose and can be omitted with no loss. Occasionally “of course” carries a whiff of condescension or superciliousness that should give us pause.

And if we are indeed supplying information so obvious that it demands the qualification “of course,” perhaps the entire reference can be deleted. Our dictionary says the phrase means “as is or was to be expected” - which might prompt a reader to ask, “So why are you bothering to tell me?”

The examples below are just some of the “of courses” from a single day recently. Some may pass muster, but let's be judicious.

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Metro:

Free College Options Still Exist, for Those Willing to Build Ships, Milk Cows or Salute

And the national service academies, of course, require years of service in support of a robust national defense.

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Sports:

The Mock Drafts Before the NFL Draft

Of course, we long ago identified the around-the-bend types because they have been poring over this stuff for weeks, watched over by their Mel Kiper Jr. bobblehair dolls.

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You're the Boss blog:

Yes, You Treat Customers Well. But How Do You Treat Employees?

Of course, you also have to return phone calls promptly… Of course, there will always be times when we blow it.

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India Ink blog:

On Being Brown in America

No one had been arrested that day, of course, and, alas, there was no dark-skinned male.

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Culture:

Anarchy in the Met

Everyone loves a uniform. In both the mainstream and the counterculture, they connote order and authority… They are also constraints, of course.

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Magazine:

Our Feel-Good War on Breast Cancer

Tamoxifen, for instance, carries small risks of stroke, blood clots and uterine cancer; radiation and chemotherapy weaken the heart; surgery, of course, has its hazards.

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Culture:

Haute Punk

But because very few people preserved their holey tops and fraying jeans - sweating and shredding through them was, of course, a badge of honor - the garments on display are mostly from the couture side, pricey ensembles inspired by, or sometimes direct rip-offs of, outfits worn by the emerging counterculture in New York and London from 1974 to 1979.

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Wheels blog:

Why We Should Miss Pillarless Rooflines

Of course, pillars have become so robust that they come much closer to dominating the driver's field of vision from within modern cars.

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Styles:

Lauren Bush Lauren Is Making a Name for Herself

The collection, the aesthetic of which she described as “modern Americana,” features many categories, including bakeware, tumblers, iPad sleeves, jewelry, baby bibs, scarves and women's clothing, like the denim shirt she had on at lunch (and which she paired with American Indian silver jewelry and, of course, Ralph Lauren pieces: a wool blazer, distressed pants and preppy oxford heels).

 
In a Word

This week's grab bag of grammar, style and other missteps, compiled with help from colleagues and readers.

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The transformation illustrates a drastic shift in California immigration trends over the last decade, one that can easily be seen all over the area: more than twice as many immigrants to the nation's most populous state now come from Asia than from Latin America.

The phrase is “twice as many as,” not “twice as many than.” And if it's even more than that, it's “more than twice as many as,” not “more than twice as many than.”

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But there has been an intensification of opposition to the bill in the past few weeks, as Mr. Hollande's critics have used demonstrations against it as a way of attacking the president himself.

No need for the cumbersome periphrasis “there has been an intensification of.” Make it “opposition has intensified …”

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[Op-Ed column] Perhaps a quick refresher on the benefits of Keystone are in order.

Agreement problem. Make it “a quick refresher…is in order.”

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Advocate, a faith-based nonprofit, has an advantage over other health systems just jumping into what is more broadly known as “value-based care.”

This vague and faddish description is not informative, and we never elaborated. If the organization is run by or affiliated with a church or other religious institution, let's say so.

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The man who prosecutors said was the lesser participant in a foiled 2011 plot to blow up the largest synagogue in Manhattan in order to kill Jews and spread fear around the world was sentenced on Friday to five years in prison.

Which synagogue? The story never says.

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Before his televised performance on Thursday morning, he engaged in effortless banter with the show's hosts, Kelly Ripa and Michael Strahan, around the subject of his impending fatherhood: his wife, the Argentinean actress and model Luisana Lopilato, is due to have a boy on Aug. 21.

Our style is “Argentine.”

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The calls mentioned jihad - a central concept in Islam that sometimes can mean holy war - but no specific attack plans, the official said.

As The Times's stylebook says, the adverb goes best between the parts of the verb: “can sometimes mean.”

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Recovered from the private collection of the Nazi foreign minister, Joachim von Ribbentrop, “Waterlilies” was one of an estimated 2,000 artworks that the French government reclaimed after the war, but said it could not identify the owners.

We needed an “of” at the end, or needed to recast the sentence.

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The Police Department is seeking to retrace his steps and find out who he saw while here.

More relative-pronoun trouble. Make it “whom he saw.”

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Reese did not make it sound as if there was much disagreement on who to take.

And still more. Make it “on whom to take.”

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The company also plans to get more involved in brand extensions, like games and e-commerce, and grow its conference business.

This transitive use of “grow” for something other than crops is described by the stylebook as “business jargon, best resisted.”

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Also not taken Thursday was Notre Dame linebacker Manti Te'o, whose poor performance in the Bowl Championship Series title game may have hurt his stock more than his involvement in a hoax centered around a fake girlfriend.

As the stylebook says, make it “center on” or “revolve around,” but not “center around.”

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An army attack helicopter pilot recently returned from a combat tour in Afghanistan, Prince Harry lingered near the finish line until the moment that some thought was potentially the most hazardous - four hours after the start, the time chosen by the Boston attackers, and one in which the crowd of runners reaching the marathon's end are at their thickest.

“Thick” describes the crowd as a single entity, so make it “crowd … is.”

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There were also troubling things, like the fact that her students asked her fewer questions about math then they had when she was a man, or that she was invited to fewer social events - a baseball game, for instance - by male colleagues and business connections.

A too-common typo; make it “than.”

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After being blown out in the Bronx, it was difficult to tell which team had replenished its roster in the off-season, and which one was trying to fend off numerous injuries.

Dangler; “being blown out” does not describe “it.” (This was fixed in time for print.)

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Juice is fast becoming a big business, and everyone from Starbucks to restaurant impresario Danny Meyer is diving in.

From the stylebook:

false titles. Do not make titles out of mere descriptions, as in harpsichordist Dale S. Yagyonak. If in doubt, try the “good morning” test. If it is not possible to imagine saying, for example, “Good morning, Harpsichordist Yagyonak,” the title is false.



Ireland Pardons Wartime Deserter ‘Heroes’

LONDON â€" The Irish government is to reverse what has been described as a historic injustice by granting a pardon to soldiers who deserted their units to fight the Nazis in World War II.

An amnesty and immunity bill, scheduled to be enacted on Tuesday, includes an apology to some 5,000 men who faced post-war sanctions and ostracism after they quit the defense forces of neutral Ireland to join the allied war effort against Hitler.

The measure comes too late for most of the deserters â€" only about 100 are believed to be still alive â€" but it was welcomed by their families and supporters.

The successful campaign for a pardon has revived a debate about Irish neutrality during World War II and has prompted calls to remember others who suffered during a tense period of the country’s history.

Most of the Irish service members went on to join British forces that began fighting Germany in September 1939.

On their return, many were court-martialed and dismissed under emergency wartime powers. Considered by some of their countrymen as traitors, by others as heroes, they were blacklisted by the state for seven years, depriving them of state jobs and pensions.

Alan Shatter, the justice and defense minister who introduced the bill, said of the veterans, “When they returned to Ireland at the end of the war, they were treated shamefully by the State, despite their bravery.”

“Unfortunately, many of the individuals whose situation is addressed in this bill did not live to see the day that this state finally acknowledged the important role that they played in seeking to ensure a free and safe Europe,” he told the Irish Independent.

Under the leadership of Prime Minister Eamon de Valera, the country stayed neutral during World War II â€" a period known in Ireland as The Emergency.

At a time when, only 18 years after Irish independence from Britain, the main threat to the state was seen as coming from dissidents in the Irish Republican Army, the government adopted emergency powers that included internment and censorship.

Despite official policy, some 60,000 Republic of Ireland citizens, including the deserters, nevertheless joined the British armed forces.

When he announced the forthcoming legislation in June last year, Mr. Shatter stressed the importance of loyalty among members of the armed forces. However, the government recognized the grave and exceptional circumstances of World War II.

“Members of the Defense Forces left their posts at that time to fight on the Allied side against tyranny and together with many thousands of other Irish men and women, played an important role in defending freedom and democracy,” he said in a statement on behalf of the government.

The move to pardon the deserters has not been universally welcomed and critics have suggested they may have abandoned their units for a variety of reasons, including to benefit from the relatively better conditions in the British armed forces.

Tom McGurk, writing in Ireland’s Sunday Business Post last year to oppose the amnesty campaign, wrote:

“I don’t know of any other country in the world where thousands of men recruited to the army in a time of national emergency, and who then deserted to join a foreign army, would be seen as ‘victims’ or even ‘heroes.’”

Michael Kennedy, an Irish military historian, wrote at Ireland’s The Journal news Web site, “It is entirely possible that amongst those who deserted were individuals with less noble reasons than fighting with the Allies against Nazi tyranny.”

In Parliament, Aengus Ã" Snodaigh of the nationalist Sinn Féin supported the amnesty for deserters, who he said included those who joined the British Army to combat “a greater evil than the British Empire itself.”

But he also called for the country to reexamine the “torture and execution” of nationalists and the treatment of some 2,000 interned in Ireland during The Emergency.



Missed a Play on Broadway? Catch It in London

LONDON â€" Don’t look now, but the London theater is suddenly looking very American. A swift glance through the current and imminent lineup of openings indicates a neat baker’s dozen of American titles alighting in the British capital for the late-spring/summer season.

These range from British productions of recent Broadway plays (David Mamet’s “Race,” Richard Greenberg’s “American Plan”) to new takes on the classic repertory (Eugene O’Neill’s “Strange Interlude” at the National, Tennessee Williams’s “Sweet Bird of Youth” at the Old Vic). And much else besides, and that’s without counting the English National Opera’s June premiere of “The Perfect American,” the Philip Glass opera about Walt Disney.

It’s no surprise that interest in Mr. Mamet’s work remains keen in London. I had just moved from New York to London in 1983 when the National’s studio-sized Cottesloe space was mounting the world premiere of his play “Glengarry Glen Ross,” which went on to three Broadway runs and won a Pulitzer Prize. A later Mamet play, “The Cryptogram,” also had its world premiere in London (and a revival). “Race,” which opens May 29 at the Hampstead Theatre stars Clarke Peters (of the television series “The Wire”) and the London stage veteran Jasper Britton.

One could argue that Britain is especially favorably disposed to lesser-known works from canonical American writers, a function, perhaps, of the state-funded system in the United Kingdom that encourages risk-taking to a degree that is more difficult to come by stateside.

In 1994, the director Richard Eyre revived “Sweet Bird of Youth” at the National Theatre, in a production that won multiple prizes for its leading lady, Clare Higgins. Kim Cattrall (of “Sex and the City”) stars in the Old Vic’s fresh staging of the same play, opening June 12. This “Sweet Bird” is directed by Marianne Elliott, who just won an Olivier Award for “The Curious Incident of the Dog in the Night-Time” and has been exhibiting as close as the London theater currently offers to a Midas touch.

The last major production of O’Neill’s “Strange Interlude” before the National version that opens June 4 was way back in 1985. Spawned in Britain, it starred Glenda Jackson and Edward Petherbridge and traveled from the West End to Broadway. Will the director Simon Godwin’s new staging, starring Anne-Marie Duff and Charles Edwards, achieve a similar transfer? Time will tell, but it’s a testament to British curatorial interest in American theater that this city has twice in 30 years latched on to a difficult 1928 text from which playhouses in the U.S. generally steer well clear.

Some American titles evidently possess a currency abroad that surpasses their status at home. Barely a British theater season goes by that doesn’t find a playhouse somewhere in the country mounting either “Of Mice and Men” or “To Kill A Mockingbird.”

And here, indeed, comes the latter title in a production from the director Timothy Sheader at the Open Air Theatre in Regent’s Park, opening May 22 and starring the Tony winner Robert Sean Leonard (“The Invention of Love,” TV’s “House”) as the southern lawyer Atticus Finch.

American musicals get a London look-in, as well, and I don’t just mean of the “Wicked”/”Lion King”/”Book of Mormon” blockbuster variety. The Harold Pinter Theatre on the West End is currently hosting the first commercial production of Stephen Sondheim’s onetime Broadway flop “Merrily We Roll Along” since its short-lived 1981 Broadway premiere. Directed by Maria Friedman, the show reopened May 1 to rave reviews after a sell-out Off West End run over the winter at the Menier Chocolate Factory. Not to be outdone, the Menier will offer up the British debut of the Broadway musical “The Color Purple”; the director is the Tony winner John Doyle (“Sweeney Todd”) and opening night is July 15.

To be fair, there are the occasional British entries that get a New York perch in advance of a London one. Currently running Off Broadway is Mike Bartlett’s “Bull,” an hourlong play seen regionally in England but not in the capital â€" so far, anyway. And St Ann’s Warehouse in Brooklyn has just completed an acclaimed run of the actor-writer Tristan Sturrock’s “Mayday Mayday,” an English piece that has yet to be seen in London.

What’s astonishing about this London spate of American work is how wide a net it casts. Those who missed two recent entries from Lincoln Center Theater in New York can find these same plays in Off West End productions. “Disgraced” won the author Ayad Akhtar the 2013 Pulitzer and arrives at west London’s Bush Theatre for a monthlong run, opening May 22. That follows by a week the London opening at another west London venue, The Print Room, of Amy Herzog’s “4000 Miles,” in a British production first seen as part of an American season within the studio confines of the Theatre Royal, Bath. That’s the same prodcing entity behind the London run, opening July 8, of Mr. Greenberg’s “American Plan,” with Diana Quick inheriting the role played in 2009 on Broadway by Mercedes Ruehl.

African-American theater is represented not just by “The Color Purple” but by revivals of James Baldwin’s play “The Amen Corner,” directed by Rufus Norris and opening June 11 at the National, and August Wilson’s “Fences.”

In “Fences,” the British comic Lenny Henry steps into the shoes formidably filled on Broadway first by James Earl Jones and, 23 years later, by Denzel Washington, both of whom got Tonys for their work. Opening night is June 26 at the Duchess Theatre.

More experimental American work is on offer, too. The Olivier winner Imelda Staunton (“Sweeney Todd”) joins Toby Jones for the July bow of Annie Baker’s 2009 hit “Circle Mirror Transformation.” On June 7, the National Theatre’s purpose-built Shed auditorium opens a three-week run of “Mission Drift,” a blues musical from a Brooklyn-based ensemble known as The TEAM. In other contexts and amid a different climate, I might worry about this troupe feeling homesick. This summer? Not likely.

A guide to this baker’s dozen of American titles and their London opening nights:

“Merrily We Roll Along,” Harold Pinter Theatre, opened May 1
“4000 Miles,” The Print Room, May 15
“Disgraced,” Bush Theatre, May 22
“To Kill a Mockingbird,” Open Air Theatre Regent’s Park, May 22
“Race,” Hampstead Theatre, May 29
“Strange Interlude,” National Theatre/Lyttelton, June 4
“Mission Drift,” National Theatre/The Shed, June 7
“The Amen Corner,” National Theatre/Olivier, June 11
“Sweet Bird of Youth,” Old Vic Theatre, June 12
“Fences,” Duchess Theatre, June 26
“The American Plan,” St. James Theatre, July 8
“Circle Mirror Transformation,” Rose Lipman Building, Haggerston, July 11
“The Color Purple,” Menier Chocolate Factory, July 15



IHT Quick Read: May 7

NEWS The Obama administration on Monday explicitly accused China’s military of mounting attacks on American government computer systems and defense contractors, saying one motive could be to map “military capabilities that could be exploited during a crisis.” David E. Sanger reports from Washington.

The White House insisted Monday that it would not be thrown off its cautious approach to Syria, despite Israeli military strikes near Damascus and new questions about the use of chemical weapons in the civil war there. Mark Landler and Eric Schmitt report from Washington.

Giulio Andreotti, a seven-time prime minister of Italy with a résumé of signal accomplishments and checkered failings that reads like a history of the republic, died on Monday. He was 94 and lived in Rome. John Tagliabue reports.

At a time when the United States has learned to target drone strikes with increasing accuracy and direct cyberweapons at specific nuclear centrifuges, its understanding of North Korea has gotten worse. David E. Sanger reports from Washington and Choe Sang-Hun from Seoul.

The trial of a surviving member of a neo-Nazi group accused of a string of anti-immigrant killings opened Monday in a Munich court, renewing discussion of racism in German society and in the country’s security services. Melissa Eddy reports from Munich.

Though it held on to power in Sunday’s election in Malaysia, the governing National Front coalition failed to win more than 50 percent of the popular vote for the first time in 44 years, and left Prime Minister Najib Razak’s position far from secure. Joe Cochrane reports from Kuala Lumpur.

Cuba is seeking to overturn Australia’s tough tobacco-labeling rules at the World Trade Organization, the trade body said Monday, the first time that Havana has used the forum to directly confront another nation over its commercial laws. David Jolly reports from Paris.

Foxconn, which is based in Taiwan but does most of its manufacturing in mainland China, wants to reduce its reliance on Apple. Its new strategy is a shift away from making products that other companies design, and toward developing products of its own, with an especially aggressive push into designing and manufacturing large flat-screen televisions. Lin Yang reports from Taipei.

After a lackluster 2012 and slow start this year, Hong Kong’s financiers are hoping to revive interest in initial public offerings. Neil Gough reports from Hong Kong.

FASHION “Punk: Chaos to Couture,” the Metropolitan Museum’s new exhibit, shows 1970s styles with the modern designs they influenced but lacks some context. Suzy Menkes reviews from New York.

ARTS Vatican officials say they have found what could be the first European images of American Indians in a fresco painted within two years of Christopher Columbus’s first voyage to the so-called New World. Elisabetta Povoledo reports from Rome.

SPORTS John Tomic, the father and coach of the young Australian star Bernard Tomic, is accused of hitting Thomas Drouet, his son’s hitting partner, outside a Madrid hotel last week. Christopher Clarey reports.